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<FONT face="verdana, arial, helvetica" SIZE=2><B><I><A HREF="../../ORMS.shtml" TARGET="_top">OR/MS Today</A> - October 2002</I></B></font><BR>
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<FONT face="verdana, arial, helvetica" SIZE=2><B>Operations Research 50th Anniversary</B></FONT><br>
<IMG SRC="../barbluehook.gif" WIDTH="468" HEIGHT="4"><br>
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<IMG SRC="art/50th-logo-Tall.jpg" WIDTH="90" HEIGHT="216" HSPACE="8" VSPACE="0" ALIGN="Left" ALT=" " BORDER=1><FONT SIZE="+2"><B>Not a Trivial Matter</B></FONT><BR>
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<FONT SIZE="+1"><I>In honor of 50 years of OR, here are 50 questions to test your knowledge of histORy</I></FONT><BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<FONT face="verdana, arial, helvetica" SIZE=2><B>By Saul Gass</B></FONT><br>
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For longtime INFORMS member Saul Gass, whose career in operations research dates back to the founding of ORSA in 1952, having a solid grasp of the history of the profession is not a trivial pursuit. Gass wrote the first textbook on linear programming 44 years ago and demonstrated his legendary knowledge of all things OR — literally from A to Z — with the 1996 publication of the "Encyclopedia of Operations Research and the Management Sciences," co-edited with the late Carl Harris.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
While Gass obviously maintains a deep respect for the profession and its pioneers, he is also blessed with a quick wit. Starting in 1990, Gass combined his sense of history with his sense of humor in hosting the first of three Knowledge Bowls held in conjunction with national meetings of INFORMS and its predecessors, ORSA and TIMS. For the benefit of the uninitiated, the Knowledge Bowl pits two teams of OR/MS veterans in a battle of wits and recall as they attempt to answer OR/MS-related questions thrown at them by Gass.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
As part of the "celebration of 50 years of operations research" and to test today's INFORMS members' grasp of histORy, we present the following 50 questions, most of them posed by Gass at previous Knowledge Bowls.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
As always, you will be graded.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<B><I>— Peter Horner</I></B>
<OL><BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> "Operations research is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under their control." That quote is the very first sentence in the first chapter of what book?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> The famous game theory problem, The Prisoner's Dilemma, was invented in 1950 by two mathematicians at the Rand Corporation. One of them was the second president of TIMS. Name the inventors.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> What famous mathematician, who won the von Neumann Prize in 1980, gave the name to The Prisoner's Dilemma?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Monte Carlo methods are basic to most OR/MS simulation models. Such methods were used by John von Neumann in his research on which of the following areas:<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>a. Game Theory<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>b. The A-Bomb<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>c. Utility Theory<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> What was Markov's (of Markov chain fame) first name?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Name the only person who has won the Lanchester Prize twice.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Match the Lanchester Prize winner with the title of the person's book<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>a. Stafford Beer, 1966<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>b. Richard L. Larson, 1972<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>c. Harvey Wagner, 1969<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>d. Lawrence Stone, 1975<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>1. "Principles of Operations Research"<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>2. "Theory of Optimal Search"<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>3. "Urban Police Patrol Analysis"<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>4. "Decision and Control"<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Parker Brothers marketed a game called "hex" in 1952; it was
played on a board with hexagonal cells. The original version of the
game was developed and played at Princeton University where it
was sometimes called "John" as it was played on the hexagonal
tiles found on the bathroom room. The inventor of the game won
the von Neumman Prize (jointly in 1978). Name the inventor. Hint:
He was also called "John."<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> What was the registration fee for the 1968 TIMS meeting for ORSA
and TIMS members?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> In 1957, Herb Simon and Allen Newell gave a talk at the 12th
National Meeting of ORSA in Pittsburgh. Their paper, entitled
"Heuristic Problem Solving: the Next Advance in Operations
Research," predicted that within 10 years a digital computer would
perform three specific tasks. Name those tasks.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> What company won the first Franz Edelman competition?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Franz Edelman, often called the "quintessential practitioner of OR," was responsible for management science at what company?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Name the first presidents of ORSA, TIMS and INFORMS.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Name the only past president of TIMS who never served as
president.
<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="6">
<TR ALIGN="Left" VALIGN="Top">
<TD><IMG SRC="art/Vazsonyi_trivia.jpg" WIDTH="101" HEIGHT="143" HSPACE="8" VSPACE="0" ALIGN="Left" BORDER="1" ALT=" "><FONT face="verdana, arial, helvetica" SIZE=1><B>Hint:<BR>
<I>He is professor of emeritus at the McLaren School of Business, University of San Francisco</I></B></font></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<LI> An ex-president of TIMS served as the chairman and CEO of the
consulting firm Arthur D. Little. Name him.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Another ex-president of TIMS served as Secretary of the U.S. Air
Force during the first Bush administration. Name him.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Not including the United States, which country boasts the most
members of INFORMS?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> INFORMS is the world's largest society of operations researchers
with about 12,000 members. How many members does The British
Operational Research Society (ORS), the oldest OR society, claim?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Who was the first business manager of ORSA?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 55,000
operations research analyst jobs in the United States in 1988. A
1990 article in Changing Times predicted that by the year 2000,
the figure would increase by what percentage? <BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> In a famous letter that shows up in books on decision-making, the
chemist Joseph Priestley asked a signer of the Declaration of
Independence for the signer's method in choosing between two
alternatives. Was the signer Priestley questioned John Hancock,
George Washington or Benjamin Franklin?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> A number of operations researchers have said that "the purpose of
models is insight, not numbers." This is a variation of an earlier
quote that read: "The purpose of numbers is insight, not numbers."
Who is the original author?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Three former presidents of ORSA — Al Blumstein, Saul Gass and Dick Larson — worked together for about a year on a day-to-day basis in the 1960s. Under what circumstances did that happen?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Recalling his first public presentation of linear programming at a meeting of the Econometric Society in 1948, George Dantzig wrote
the following: "After my talk, the chairman called for discussion. For a moment there was silence; then a hand raised. It was Hotelling's (the famous statistician and economist). He said devastatingly: 'But we all know the world is nonlinear.' Then he majestically sat down ... <BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=4 border=0><br>
Suddenly another hand in the audience was raised. It was [Mr. X]. 'Mr. Chairman, Mr. Chairman,' he said, 'If the speaker does not mind, I would like to reply for him.' Naturally, I agreed. [Mr. X] said, "The speaker titled his talk Linear Programming. Then he carefully stated his axioms. If you have an application that satisfies the axiom, use it. If it does not, then don't,' and he sat down." Who was Mr. X?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> According to George Dantzig, the credit for naming the primal
problem of linear programming should be given to what person?
<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="6">
<TR ALIGN="Left" VALIGN="Top">
<TD><IMG SRC="art/Dantzig.jpg" WIDTH="101" HEIGHT="143" HSPACE="8" VSPACE="0" BORDER="1" ALT=" " align=left><FONT face="verdana, arial, helvetica" SIZE=1><B>Hint:<BR>
<I>George Dantzig (photo) was the "father of LP," but this "father" deserved some of the credit.</I></B></font></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<LI> In their two-volume work on "Management Models and Industrial Applications of Linear Programming," Charnes and Cooper describe and name an integer-programming idea due to Dantzig. They
called it the Dantzig Cut. Why did Dantzig say, "That is the
unkindest cut of all"?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Among other things, the famous trio of Churchman, Ackoff and Arnoff are well-known for authoring the seminal OR textbook,
"Introduction to Operations Research." In what year was it first
published?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> The British take justifiable pride in starting operations research and forming the first OR society. They also published the first OR
journal. Volume 1, number 1 of the <I>OR Quarterly</I> was published
in what year?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Two men have served as the presidents of ORSA, TIMS and INFORMS. Name them and the years they served as head of each
of the organizations.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Two women have served as president of either ORSA, TIMS or INFORMS. Name them, the organization they headed, and the year they served.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> To the best of our knowledge, only one woman has ever appeared on the cover of OR/MS Today. Name her and the circumstances behind the "honor." Hint: She was known more for her beautiful body than her "beautiful mind."<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> "A Beautiful Mind," the book by Sylvia Nasar (turned into an Oscar-winning movie starring Russell Crowe), tells the story of John Nash, a Nobel Laureate in Economics. Here's a quote from the book: "In 1978, largely thanks to the kindness of his old friend from graduate mschool and RAND, Lloyd Shapley, Nash was finally awarded a mathematical prize. He was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize by the Operations Research Society and the Institute for Management Science jointly with Carlton Lemke, a mathematician, of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Nash won for his invention of non-cooperative equilibrium. ...<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<I>"Lloyd Shapely was on the prize committee. It was his idea. 'I felt sentiment and nostalgia,' he recalled. Shapley, having received the honor himself the year before, thought: 'Here's a chance to do something for Nash.' He was motivated, he later said, by the hope that honoring Nash would somehow help Alicia and Johnny."</I><BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
What is wrong with this passage?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Many economists, physicists and others who have worked in OR/MS have won Nobel Prizes. It is rare that a mathematician such as John Nash wins a Nobel Prize since there is no Nobel Prize in Mathematics. Rumor has it that this is because the famous Swedish mathematician Mittlag-Leffler had an affair with Nobel's wife. True or false?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> The 1975 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to two people
who were associated with operations research. Name them.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> The winner of the 1989 von Neumann Prize later won the Nobel
Prize in Economics for the same work. Name him.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Name the person credited with the development of the following
OR techniques:<br>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• Industrial or System Dynamics<br>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• Exponential Smoothing<br>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• Date Envelopment analysis<br>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• Tabu Search<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> During World War II, an organization called the Anti-Submarine
Warfare Operations Research Group (ASWORG) was formed and
attached to the U.S. Navy. Who headed the group?
<TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="6">
<TR ALIGN="Left" VALIGN="Top">
<TD><IMG SRC="art/Morse_Px.jpg" WIDTH="101" HEIGHT="144" HSPACE="8" VSPACE="0" ALIGN="Left" BORDER="1" ALT=" "><FONT face="verdana, arial, helvetica" SIZE=1><B>Hint:<BR>
<I>He was also known as the "father of operations research."</I></B></font></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<LI> A future Nobel Laureate in Physics was the director of research
at ASWORG. Who was he and what did he invent that led to the
Nobel Prize? <BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> What do the following acronyms stand for: FIFO, LIFO and SIRO<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> And these: MAUT, MOLP and MCDM<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> And these: OLAP, SKU and SQL<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> In the postwar year, there have been many governmental and
pseudo-governmental OR research groups. Here are the initials of
some of them. What do the initials stand for?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• OEG<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• RAC<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• ORO<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• IDA<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• CAN<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 hspace=20 border=0>• LMI<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> OR is notorious for its use of acronyms and abbreviations. In the
real world, some of these same abbreviations have quite different
meanings. What are the real-world meanings for the following
abbreviations: LP (linear programming), DP (dynamic programming)
and B&B (branch and bound)?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> What is the name of the Military Operations Research Society's
quarterly bulletin?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Katz Graduate School, Simon School of Business and Fuqua School of Business are three famous business schools. Name the
universities where they are located. <BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> The first executive director of TIMS served from 1956 to 1966.
He was also the corporate director of Accounting for the General
Foods Company. He never received any compensation for his
TIMS work. Who was he?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Before the merger, TIMS had its Distinguished Service Medal. It was
awarded six times. Marty Starr was the first recipient. Who was the
last one (and only woman) to receive it?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> In the past, the planners of ORSA and TIMS meetings were not too careful about scheduling a national meeting during religious
holidays (or Halloween, for that matter). One ORSA meeting was scheduled during Passover. As far as we know, that was the only time a Passover seder was held during an ORSA, TIMS or INFORMS meeting. In what year and in what city was the seder held? Hint: The cost was $10.25, including Manischevitz wine, gratuity and tax.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Speaking of food, Stigler's famous diet problem was one of the first linear programs solved by the simplex method. What were the nine foods that the linear programming optimal solution contained?<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> As noted in the introduction, most of these questions were drawn from Knowledge Bowls held at ORSA/TIMS or INFORMS meetings. Name the year and location of the three Knowledge Bowls held
so far.
</OL>
<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<FONT face="verdana, arial, helvetica" SIZE=3><B>Answers</B></FONT><BR>
<IMG SRC="../barbluehook.gif" WIDTH="468" HEIGHT="4"><br>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=2 border=0><br>
<OL>
<LI> "Methods of Operations Research,"
Morse and Kimball.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Merrill Flood (president of TIMS, 1955) and Melvin Dresher
(Source: Poundstone's Prisoner's Dilemma)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Albert Tucker
(Source: Poundstone's Prisoner's Dilemma)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> The A-Bomb<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Andrei<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> George Nemhauser; 1977 and 1989<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Beer: "Decision and Control"<br>
Larson: "Urban Police Patrol Analysis"<br>
Wagner: "Principles of Operations Research"<br>
Stone: "Theory of Optimal Search"<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> John Nash (jointly won the von Neumann
Prize with Carleton Lemke)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> $15<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> • Become the world's chess champion,
unless the rules bar it from competition.<br>
• Discover and prove and important new
mathematical theorem.<br>
• Write music that will be accepted by critics
as possessing considerable aesthetic value.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> The Pillsbury Company, 1972<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> RCA<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Philip M. Morse (ORSA, 1952); <br>
William W. Cooper (TIMS, 1954); <br>
John D.C. Little (INFORMS, 1995)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Andrew Vazsonyi. The bylaws of TIMS called for
a past president as a member of its governing
council. For the first such council, there was no past president. Vazsonyi was appointed to fill
the position.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> John Magee<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Donald Rice<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Canada<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> 3,000<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Norvell E. Miller III<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> 55 percent<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Benjamin Franklin<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Richard Hamming<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> All worked for the Science and Technology Task Force of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
Commission. Blumstein worked for the Institute
for Defense Analysis, the organization that
managed the Task Force, and he was the director
of the Task Force; Gass worked for IBM and was
on loan to the Task Force; and Larson, an
MIT student, was hired by the Task Force as
a researcher.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> John von Neumann<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Tobias Dantzig (George Dantzig's father)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Alan Hoffman and Ralph Gomory showed that
it did not work.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> 1957<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> 1950<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> John D.C. Little (ORSA, 1979; TIMS, 1984-85;
INFORMS, 1995) and Alfred Blumstein
(ORSA, 1977; TIMS, 1987-88; INFORMS, 1996)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Judith S. Liebman (ORSA, 1987) and
Karla Hoffman (INFORMS, 1998)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Marilyn Monroe. To be precise, a Marilyn Monroe
figurine graced the October 1995 cover of
OR/MS Today in conjunction with a story on the
Franklin Mint's use of OR techniques to optimize
the marketing of its products, such as figurines.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Nash received the award in 1978, and Shapley
received the award in 1981, three years after
Nash, not before as given in the quote. Also, the
quote indicated it was The Institute for
Management Science, not The Institute for
Management Sciences (plural).<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> False. Nobel was a confirmed bachelor.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> T.C. Koopmans and L.V. Kantorovich<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Harry Markowitz, for financial economics<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> • Industrial or System Dynamics: Jay Forrester<br>
• Exponential Smoothing: Robert Brown<br>
• Date Envelopment Analysis: Charnes,
Cooper and Rhodes<br>
• Tabu Search: Fred Glover<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Philip M. Morse of MIT<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> William Shockley, who, while with Bell Telephone Laboratories, won the Nobel Prize for inventing
the transistor.<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> First In, First Out (FIFO); Last In, First Out (LIFO);
Service In Random Order (SIRO)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Multiattribute Utility Theory (MAUT);
Multiobjective Linear Programming (MOLP);
Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Online Analytical Processing (OLAP);
Stock Keeping Unit (SKU);
Structured Query Language (SQL)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Operations Evaluation Group (OEG);
Research Analysis Corporation (RAC);
Operations Research office (ORO);
Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA);
Center for Naval Analysis (CAN);
Logistics Management Institute (LMI)<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> LP — Liquid propane or (for those over 40),
long-playing albums; DP — displaced person;
B&B — bed & breakfast or Benedictine
and Brandy<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Phalanx<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> University of Pittsburgh (Katz);
University of Rochester (Simon);
Duke University (Fuqua).<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Harold H. Cauvet<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Mary DeMelim, TIMS executive director<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> ORSA 37th National Meeting in Washington, D.C.,
April 20, 1970<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> Beef liver, cabbage, corn meal, evaporated milk,
lard, peanut butter, potatoes, spinach,
wheat flour<BR>
<img src="../cleardot.gif" width=1 height=1 vspace=6 border=0><br>
<LI> The first Knowledge Bowl was held in
Philadelphia, at the ORSA/TIMS Meeting on
Oct. 31, 1990;
the second Bowl was held in Washington, D.C.,
during the INFORMS Meeting on May 7, 1996;
the third Bowl was held in Cincinnati at the
INFORMS Meeting on May 4, 1999.
</OL>
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